Shirkov Pogost

在地平线上斯特兹湖的尽头,出乎意料地产生了某种不可理解的轮廓。起初,它似乎是一个很高的冷杉。只有靠近,你才会明白你犯了一个错误。这是着名的Shirkov Pogost木制教堂,始建于1697年。当地居民并非没有骄傲称它为“Tver Kizhi”。教堂站在下一个伏尔加湖上伏尔古湖的平缓岸边。在没有雾的那些日子里,可以看到几十公里。但是,要从斯捷兹湖前往维谢卢格,有必要通过一条狭窄的通道 - 即茹阿亚河流入的伏尔加河的通道。在两个较高的上游公里是同名的村庄 - 苏联英雄Komsomol Liza Chaykina的出生地。

伏尔加河的河床正在蜿蜒。转,又转 - 超越广阔的范围,开辟了一个和谐的分层教堂的古希科夫教堂。再远一点就是第二座 - 一座石头建筑,建于20世纪初,在远离al木林的地方,您可以看到一座小木教堂的屋顶。古代教堂优雅的轮廓印象非常好,你不会留意其余的。只有过了一段时间,你才意识到这里的岸边是一个完整的不同建筑群。

1673年,一位瑞典工程师和间谍埃里克·帕斯奎斯特来到俄罗斯。在途中,他勾画了俄罗斯城市的全景和规划,俄罗斯人的外观和服装,彩绘的堡垒以及它们是如何被加固的。其中一幅在Torzhok制作的绘画描绘了一座木制教堂,其轮廓与Shirkov教堂非常相似。显然,这样的多层教会相当普遍。在XVII世纪的图标中,尼罗河沙漠的另一个古老的图像,转载于多卷“俄罗斯艺术史”中。修道院的其中一个教堂与Shirkovo教堂相似,在季节不断减少的情况下使用相同的pofronton覆盖物,并且仔细研究修道院的建筑历史使得可以命名它的基础日期 - 1622年或1635年这样的结构可能早已出现,但它们并未到达我们,而Shirkovo教堂仍然是他们唯一的例子。然而,在北方,一些从照片或存留的建筑物可以与它相比较(例如,1733年的Paltogh Vytegorsky区的Epiphany教堂)。

希尔科沃教会是一个复杂的工程结构,上个世纪在向帝国考古委员会提交的一份报告中提到了这种异常:“在伏尔加河上的波格斯特希尔科沃,从它的源头起19英里,有一个非凡的纪念碑古代到17世纪下半叶......教堂的风格是古老的俄罗斯风格,原有的建筑物在所有外墙上有几个三角形屋顶,在几层中,而建筑物本身是由厚度过大的原木和梁组成的...“。作为寺庙建设的基础是采取在podklet通常四壁框架。从东面的一个多面镜,以及北面,西面和南面 - 控制台上的画廊。另外两个减速的chetverics,由八个冰鞋覆盖,从主笼上方升起。这座寺庙由一个高大的圆鼓和一个大头加冕。教堂的高度与十字架相距约40米,但形式的发展如此迅速,如此动态以至于景观至少大约无法将此高度固定。以下是AVOpolovnikov的特点:Shirkov Pogost修复项目的作者和这座纪念碑的研究人员之一:“Ioanno-Predtechenskaya教堂的一楼(层 - AG)被照片处理,饱和了明暗对话的戏剧并且,由于原木的强力去除,支撑画廊的控制台给人一种极端建设性张力的印象,画廊的水平部分强调了后来阶层向上迈进的罕见强度......这种对比显然不是意外,严格计算它造成的视觉效果。“

1882年,圣约翰先行者教堂的门面被镶上了tesom,屋顶覆盖着铁。在十九世纪的三十年代和四十年代,西边的教堂增加了一座钟楼,摧毁了通向高廊的门廊。在修复过程中,这座钟楼被拆除,甚至没有标出原木,指的是它扭曲了古代体积的细长轮廓。但是,唉,现在一个新的门廊,现代修复者的幻想出现了,而不是一百五十年前的钟楼,因为没有关于恢复门廊所需的原始形式的信息。因此,由于一个考虑不周而草率的决定,上个世纪上半叶的木钟楼消失了。

要在外面展示,施洗者圣约翰教堂的内部是什么,这是不可能的。很难相信,第一次进入那里,它属于这个教会。在高高的层层节奏之后,这座寺庙看起来像是一个普通的村庄小屋。木匠似乎只对多层次的作品感兴趣,而且很少 - 教堂的内部。一个低矮的平面天花板被“拨入树中”,光线透过小窗户渗透,灯光不能将阴暗处散布在角落(有些窗户稍后被切割,但它们不够),墙壁平滑地修剪,角落圆润。现在,当没有圣像时,教堂内部与平常小屋的相似性变得更加明显。只有小细节 - 缩小合唱团的间隙,仔细处理倾斜的窗户,装配原木的凹槽 - 说明木匠的高超技艺。这看似不注意寺庙的内部设计。在寒冷的冬季,教堂的开放场所很难加热,小窗户用来保持热量,让一点点光线通过,但安排好让它们的光线直接落在圣像和祈祷的图标上清晰可见。

我们在我国有一个专门的科学组织,负责保护木材免遭破坏,Senezhskaya木材保护实验室。这个实验室的经理SN Gorshin - 研究许多古代木制建筑的状况的最大专家不知何故地表达了一个有趣的乍一看简单的想法:“为什么像Shirkov的教堂墓地这样的教堂能够存活到今天呢?因为它们被正确地建造了。“当你看到纪念碑不在图纸和照片中时,这一点变得特别清楚,但你在它旁边,你可以触摸长达70厘米直径的原木墙壁(这种树木在俄罗斯中部地带已经变得稀少了)。

在十九世纪末期,希尔科夫波格斯特成为了弗塞格鲁格湖上最大的村庄之一。大约几公里没有教堂。这座古老的木制教堂竟然太小了,除此之外,它还没有被加热,“冬天祈祷时,除了羊皮夹克和手套之外,还有其他任何方面的服务。”因此,当地居民为了不按照既定的习惯(即将其出售用于拆迁 - AG)行事,以便用钱改善新庙......(这将是不可饶恕的罪关于古代的这样的纪念碑)......“,开始建造一个更宽敞的石头教堂,大窗户和暖气。它的建设非常简单:“......教区居民......任命人头税,所以在b-7年期间,他们收集了大约27万卢布,波格斯特舍尔科夫的一座石头教堂建在粗糙的地方“(1912年)。

一个新的教堂,与伏尔加耶路撒冷的奥尔金修道院教堂的年龄相同,在建筑和艺术品质方面几乎没有什么差别。她的作品的一个例子可能是16世纪的教堂,旁边的小教堂变成了前庭,打开了古尔比斯,并绕过画廊进入位于祭坛前面的洗礼室。靠近木制教堂,在湖泊的同一岸,新石头完美地补充了全景,增强了十七世纪古代纪念碑形式的声音。紧挨着,在山下,沟壑中的春天,是一个非常简单的nadkladeznaya木制教堂。其四层木屋完美无暇地保护了春天免受污染和霜冻。在夏季和冬季,每年两次,从村庄的教堂发出一个宗教游行队伍,并且进行了水的奉献活动。

顺流而下,在Shirkov Pogost后面,在湖的中央,有一个名字很奇怪的小岛 - 上帝的作品。老居民仍然记得在这个小岛上有一座修道院,现在只剩下遗迹了。这个修道院被称为Novosolovetskaya沙漠,与白海上的索洛维茨基修道院不同,但对当地居民来说,它更像是上帝的作品。这个名字是在岛外建立的。关于修道院的起源有几个版本。其中一个(它建于1701年相对较晚),第一位来到这里并承包木匠斩首教堂的和尚Joel拒绝在作品结尾付款,说修道院的建造是“上帝的工作“,付款并不是必要的。根据另一个版本,同一个和尚,收集施舍,要求“牺牲上帝的工作”。 1764年该修道院被废除,但很快又恢复,归属于尼罗沃沙漠。

位于湖的东岸,与岛屿相对,位于高尔基村。这个村庄的传统名字显然来自于山丘之间,它的宽阔的街道直接落在了水面上。在村庄的中心,在山沟的斜坡上,是一个不起眼的小教堂。越接近它,你就会明白它与在特维尔村庄和村庄中偶尔发现的那些不同。不寻常的是,在斜坡上建造教堂,只有在仔细检查之后,才能明白它的建造并非偶然。一旦教堂的入口不是从村庄的一侧,而是从沿山谷底部通过的街道直接通往楼梯。一个宽阔的门廊 - 在悬臂式控制台上g,,悬挂在峡谷之上 - 被护栏围起来,并围绕着教堂本身的北侧和西侧。东侧是聋人,直接面对山沟,南侧有一扇窗户,面向山顶。另一个从北边的窗户在树冠下进行。教堂的小教堂是一个笼型,镶在巨石上,由厚木制成。日志的东侧是Protasans,它立即将这部分建筑与其余部分区分开来。教堂上加了一个简单的十字架的四棚帐篷。大帐篷原本更高更苗条,这表明从木材上部角落的ra子切割的方向。从门廊通往内部的一扇门廊的鞋子,以及两块甲板的窗户都从厚块上刮下来。墙角四周圆形,地板由宽板构成,天花板在“圣诞树中”拨动。教堂出现的时间不详。但是原木,尤其是那些在前面有50-60厘米的下层花圈,用斧子加工端部的技术,在断头台下的控制台的形状,宽大的地毯,门窗的开口 - 所有这些都表明纪念碑的早期日期,这可以归因于Shirkov Pogost教堂的建造时间。这样的教堂有时会建造一天,从最容易获取的材料中发誓,致力于当地的活动,度假或当地的圣人。民间建筑这种简单的作品迅速恶化,被更多的大都会建筑所取代,或在火灾中丧生。高尔基教堂重建的痕迹也清晰可见,但它们没有扭曲纪念碑以外的地方,古代的形式几乎可以在每一个细节中看到。也许,这是唯一保存完好的古代木教堂。

 





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57° 6' 25.7292" N 32° 38' 16.458" E